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Gliomas are highly aggressive and accompanied by numerous microglia/macrophages (MG/MP) in and about the tumor. Little is known about what MG/MP do in this setting, or whether modulating MG/MP activation might affect glioma progression. Here, we used a glioma-microglia in culture system to establish the effects the tumor and microglia have on each other. We assessed glioma progression in vivo after MG/MP ablation or in the setting of exaggerated MG/MP activation. We show that glioma cells activate microglia but inhibit their phagocytic activities. Local ablation of MG/MP in vivo decreased tumor size and improved survival curves.

Conversely, pharmacological activation of MG/MP increased glioma size through stimulating tumor proliferation and inhibiting apoptosis. In agreement with recent reports, expression of the chemokine CCL21 is enhanced after MG/MP activation and correlates with tumor growth. Taken together, our findings demonstrate that inhibition of MG/MP activation may constitute a new and effective contribution towards suppressing glioma proliferation. Introduction Malignant gliomas are primary central nervous system (CNS) tumors arising from glial cells and are one of the deadliest cancers - median survival time is one year even with aggressive surgical resection combined with irradiation and chemotherapy.

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Although many therapeutic approaches have been explored, there has been no major improvement in survival over the last 30 years (; ). Gliomas are infiltrated by MG/MP, and the extent of MG/MP infiltration correlates positively with malignancy (;; ). Microglia are capable of antigen presentation to T cells patrolling the CNS (). Upon injury, microglia undergo activation characterized by changes in morphology, gene expression, proliferation, phagocytic capacity, and migration towards the injury site (; ). Add cisco anyconnect to windows 10 vpn. The role of MG/MP in glioma progression remains controversial.

Studies reported that the immune defensive functions of glioma-infiltrating MG/MP (GIMs) are compromised. Moreover, GIMs have been proposed to promote glioma growth by secreting growth factors, immune-suppressive cytokines and angiogenic factors (;;;;; ), thus stimulating interest in therapies that modulate MG/MP activity/function. However, such approaches yielded conflicting results: injection of CpG-containing oligonucleotides, which stimulate MG/MP, induced glioma apoptosis and prolonged survival times of tumor-bearing animals in one report, whereas the same approach caused increased animal tumor size in others (; ). Here we investigate the consequences of interaction of MG/MP and glioma cells in culture using MG/MP activation and glioma cell proliferation as functional endpoints. We examine glioma progression in a mouse model using pharmacogenetics to locally ablate MG/MP, and a pharmacological approach to exaggerate MG/MP activation. We show that manipulation of MG/MP activation state appears to be a potentially promising novel interventional approach for gliomas.

Animals C57BL/6 mice (wild type, WT) were purchased from Jackson Laboratory. CD11b-HSVTK transgenic mice were described previously (). Female CD11b-HSVTK (+/−) mice were bred with male C57BL/6 mice and the offspring genotyped by PCR using primers 5′-GACTTCCGTGGCTTCTTGCTGC-3′ and 5′-GTGCTGGCATTACAGGCGTGAG-3′. All animal procedures were approved by the Stony Brook University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Mice were bred in-house under maximum isolation conditions on a 12:12 hour light: dark cycle with food ad libitum. Microglia and glioma cell co-culture GL261-EGFP cells were plated with rhodamine-labeled primary microglia. In brief, after isolation of primary microglia, the cells were resuspended at a density of 5×10 4 cells/ml in DMEM with 1% FBS and 20μg/ml mini-ruby (Invitrogen) ().